Why Do Different Regions Use 50 Hz Or 60 Hz?

Frequency refers to how many cycles occur in one second, measured in Hertz (Hz) (The current flows first in one direction, then the opposite direction, completing one cycle).  For example, a frequency of 50 Hz means the current changes direction 50 times per second.

Early in 19th century, different inventors and companies chose frequencies based on the technology available and practical concerns:

✔ Thomas Edison (DC & 60 Hz Roots): Edison's early power systems used direct current (DC), but as alternating current (AC) gained traction due to its efficiency over long distances, engineers experimented with different frequencies. 60 Hz was chosen in the United States by Westinghouse Electric because it offered a balance between mechanical efficiency and ease of design.

European Engineers (50 Hz): In Europe, 50 Hz was adopted due to standards set by German and British electrical engineers. Early Siemens generators worked best at 50 Hz, and the British Empire spread this frequency across its colonies.

Following with the steps of Colonial and trade influence, the electrical infrastructure was followed since that time, British bring 50HZ application in its colonies while countries with strong ties to American companies use 60HZ.

The histories finally resulted in below scene.

✔ European Influence (50 Hz): Countries like India, Pakistan, and much of Asia adopted 50 Hz because their electrical infrastructure was developed under British influence, which used 50 Hz. This is also why most of Europe and countries with colonial ties to Britain standardized on 50 Hz.

✔ American Influence (60 Hz): The Middle East (especially Gulf countries like Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Kuwait) adopted 60 Hz due to early infrastructure partnerships with American companies, which standardized 60 Hz. The United States was one of the first adopters of 60 Hz, and countries influenced by their technology followed it.

Summary:

✔ India & Pakistan: 50 Hz (British influence)

✔ Middle East: 60 Hz (American influence)

✔ USA & Parts of Asia: 60 Hz

✔ Europe & Most of Asia: 50 Hz

Difference in the efficiency:

✔ Speed: Synchronous speed of motors/generators is higher at 60Hz (e.g., 3600 RPM for 2-pole vs. 3000 RPM at 50Hz). This can lead to slightly higher power output but may increase mechanical wear.

✔ Design: 60Hz motors/transformers are often smaller and lighter due to higher frequency, reducing material costs. However, 50Hz systems may experience lower core losses (eddy currents/hysteresis) at lower frequencies.